Financial Institutions and Developing Countries - 2162 Words

Introduction Financial institutions are the most important institution in the development and financing the countries regardless of the developing countries, the countries has developed or is still underdeveloped. A large role in the country cause financial institutions must be sensitive and transparent in governance. However, not all financial institutions are banks. Financial institutions are included bank, finance companies, merchant bank, credit and leasing companies, national savings banks, co-operative bank, discount houses, factoring companies and so on. In addition, financial institutions can be classified into two which are depository and non-depository institutions. The common function among all these institutions is they were assigned to mobilize the fund from those who had fund to those who short of fund. So, we know that they were also known as financial intermediaries. Development and establishment of the bank Bumiputra actually closely related to the economy as well as propel the country towards a balanced development. Malaysia is a rapidly developing country in 1991 until just before the Asian financial crisis. Besides that, the economy is also at par with the developed economies in East Asia such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. A high growth level in excess of 9.0% was accompanied by an increase in the per capita income of the population in 1970 from RM993 to RM4357 in 1990. In additional, inflation rate also decreases so does the level ofShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment And Developing Countries1442 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits countries through a transfer of resources in the form of capital, technology, management of resources, creation of work opportunities, and a positive impact on the country’s balance sheet, typically through an increase in export volumes. These benefits are essential for sustainable growth a nd development of a country, especially for developing countries. Despite the important role that foreign direct investment plays in helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, many developing countriesRead MoreThe Impact Of Financial Development On Society s Inequality Gap931 Words   |  4 PagesCagetti and Nardi (2006) argue that financial development is beneficial to the individuals who have higher ability to make investment and then become the entrepreneurs. In contrast, the individuals who are relatively more common could not make human investment and then become the workers. Therefore, the whole society’s inequality gap will be widen. Maurer and Haber (2003) suggest that in the process of financial liberalization and financial deepening, the financing channels for low income peopleRead MoreThe World Trade Organization Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pageskey multilateral economic institutions provide financial support though grants and loans as a way to enable economic and social development to occur in developing countries. The three main institutions i will be talking about include the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation. These organisations provide loans, grants and practical assistance to governments, in addition to loaning money to assist private businesses within developing countries. They also play a significantRead MoreThe Structure And Operation Of The Global Economy Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesIIA—Section 2 The structure and operation of the global economy have undergone unprecedented changes in recent decades. Developing countries have increasingly accepted federal investment as an effective pathway to economic development and modernization, income growth, and employment. In fact, over 36% of all foreign inflows were to developing countries in 2005, (Bà ¼the 741). This shift has been accompanied by varying regulatory demands from a growing body of stakeholders, with attempts to governRead MoreMonetary and Fiscal Policy Essay examples1403 Words   |  6 Pagesfiscal policy and their applications to the third world countries with a huge informal sector This essay seeks to explain what are monetary and fiscal policy and their roles and contribution to the economy. This includes the role of the government in regulating the economical performance of a country. It also explains the different features and tools of monetary and fiscal policy and their performance when applied to the third world countries with a huge informal sector. Monetary Policy MonetaryRead MoreThe Decline Of The United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesworld s great economic depression. The second fall took place in the 1970s and 80s, the time which the international competitiveness of U.S. commodities and capital decreased significantly. The third decline occurred late 2000 , the recent financial crisis 2008/9. The reasons and results of the three falls are very different. Following the first two declines, the United States made efforts to alleviate the declines through reform and innovation. There is a lot of uncertainties whether theRead More Role of IMF and World Bank Essay example1433 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The world’s major international financial institutions represent paradoxical ideals in their quest to satisfy the needs of both developed and developing nations. These institutions are chartered with helping poor nations but are criticized for their neo-colonial policies. Member nations are all considered equal, but contributions make some more equal than others. Mostly, these organizations are managed by rich nations that usurp the autonomy of developing nations in the pursuit of free marketsRead MoreHow Much Aid Should Wealthy Nations Provide For Developing Countries?780 Words   |  4 PagesAid Should Wealthy Nations Provide for Developing Countries? Introduction Politics have been important throughout history, but in the last century, government has changed a large amount. With the rise of the standard of living in first world nations, there has been a push to help bring everyone in the world up to a minimum standard. There have been many perspectives taken on the issue, and there are many articles for helping and against helping developing nations shown through political and historicalRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of The Usa1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe recent global financial turmoil started on July 2007 ,mainly in the USA and spread among developed nations in the later part of 2008 and subsequently shifted to the developing nations .this crisis consisted of some prime drawbacks not only for the developed countries but also for developing countries .the most talked about issue in the recent financial arena in the global financial crisis ,which started to show its effect in the middle of the year 2007.the turmoil ,however ,was roo ted in theRead More Microcredit1734 Words   |  7 Pages that is why they began in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America, economist Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank in Bangladesh are credited of pioneering this financial innovation (Smith, Thurman, 2007). After acquiring a loan, impoverished people get involved in self-employment projects that help them to start a business and begin generating income and in many cases leave poverty. Microcredit offers loans to poor people without requesting any financial history from them. These loans

The Battle At Prairie Grove - 1978 Words

During the Civil War, the North and South fought hard for control over northwest Arkansas. On December 7, 1862, the Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi tangled with the Union Army of the Frontier at Prairie Grove located in Washington County, Arkansas. By nightfall, it was clear to the Confederates that â€Å"Missouri and northwest Arkansas would remain under Federal protection† (Teacher Guide 4). The battle at Prairie Grove was a brutal day of strategic warfare between the northern and southern armies that had great affect on the lives of the people living there. Under Major General John Schofield’s Union command were Brig. Generals James G. Blunt of the Kansas Division and Francis Jay Herron of the 2nd and 3rd Divisions. Their troops†¦show more content†¦While many Arkansans had followed Van Dorn to Tennessee, others had deserted their positions and fled back to their homes to protect their families (Whayne, et al. 198-199). Confederate authorities appointed Thomas Hindman, a veteran of the Mexican War, to replace Van Dorn’s command over Arkansas. A great â€Å"organizer, recruiter, and administrator† (Whayne, et al. 201), Hindman was prepared to use any means necessary to ramp up the number of men serving in Arkansas. â€Å"[Fanatically devoted]† to the Confederacy, Hindman declared, â€Å"I have come to drive out the invaders or perish in the attempt† (Whayne, et al. 198). He assumed his command with a â€Å"dictatorial [power]† by establishing supply factories, enforcing conscription laws , and â€Å"declaring martial law† over Arkansas (Whayne, et al. 198). In addition, Hindman employed the use of guerrilla warfare to harass the enemy and raid their supply lines. Many of these guerillas were not legally bound to protect their state and acted against Confederate commands. Instead, many were armed bandits and ruffians who had personal grudges to settle with anyone of their choosing. Regardless of political affiliation, many citizens in Arkansas would find themselves living in a state of anarchy. Although Arkansas was a Confederate state, many citizens were divided in their politics, but this mattered nothing to the bands of guerillas that would continuously contribute to the breakdown of the state for

Andre Derain London Bridge Essay Example For Students

Andre Derain London Bridge Essay Cheryl Alberti Art Appreciation Midterm September 5th, 2010 â€Å"Andre Derain, London Bridge† Visual Elements Line I believe implied lines were used in this painting. Some edges are clear with a defined start and finish. The line weight varies. The lines also vary in width and length. Mostly straight lines with a few curves. Shape The shapes range from rectangles, arches, and squares, to blurs that appear to be buildings in the far back corner. Mass I believe the mass is actual. The Bridge itself is the bulk of the artwork, its mass size stretches across the painting. Space Space is created by the placement of the bridge and the buildings in the background. 1. Two Dimensional The water and the boats appear to be two dimensional. I see a lot of three dimensional in the painting. The bridge has height, width, and depth as well as the buildings in the background. 2. Illusion of Depth The tunnels under the bridge imply depth. The buildings in the background and the end of the bridge near them show diminishing size in two directions even the boat in the back of the painting isn’t as large as the one in the front. The bridge and the boat in the front have been placed vertical while the buildings are horizontally placed. 3. Perspective The artist uses perspective technique to create an illusion of three dimension on a two dimension surface. Using variation between sizes of depicted subjects, overlapping some of them and placing those that are on the depicted ground as lower when nearer and higher when deeper. Linear perspective Derain creates the illusion of spatial depth on a two dimensional surface. We can see parallel lines as converging in the distance. The lines of the bridges are slanted inward making them appear to extend back into space. The same with the buildings the lines extend back to a vanishing point. Atmospheric or Aerial perspective An Atmospheric haze is used in this particular piece of art. The sky in the background is a bright orange and red. Time and Motion It doesn’t appear to have an event occurring in succession from the past through the present to the future. Motion can be possible with the fact that the boat appears to be going into the tunnel and the water appears to have movement. 1. Implying Motion Derain chose to use brushstrokes that would imply that the water was moving making motion appear possible. 2. Actual Motion Light- Discrimination between light and dark. 1. Seeing light Light appears to be reflecting in the water and in the skies horizon. The waters value is of a lighter choice of colors where as the tunnels and the buildings depths are darker. 2. Implied Light Chiaroscuro is used for the tunnels and the buildings to show depth. The water definitely has strong value contrasts where as the buildings in the back going into the distance have minimal contrasts. . Light as a Medium The pigments used carry the medium in the painting. Color Color is definitely an important fact in this piece. This particular artist developed Fauvism along with Henri Matisse. Using bold colors and exaggerating color in their art. Derain was known as a Les Fauves painter. Les Fauves believed that color should be used to express the artists feelings about a subject, rathe r than simply describe what it looks like. This painting has two main characteristics a simplified drawing with exaggerated color. Texture The texture used in the London Bridge creates the feeling of the art. The texture used is implied. Principles of Design Unity and Variety A feeling of completeness is created by the use of elements in this piece. Unity is achieved through the effective use of the elements and principles of design. Variety is obtained through the use of diversity and change. By using and changing the elements of color, value, line, shape, form, texture, and space both unity and variety are achieved. .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .postImageUrl , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:hover , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:visited , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:active { border:0!important; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:active , .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33 .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cb377a29e0b841201ee0cfadf43bc33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thematical Lives of Dickens' Characters EssayBalance balance is achieved by the arrangement of the color, shapes, form, space and lines appearing asymmetrical creating a feeling of stability in the work. Emphasis and Subordination There is emphasis given to the bridge and the water. The right back half of the artwork is subordinated with not much emphasis on detail or color. Directional Forces The lines from the bridge draws you to follow the bridge back to the buildings. Contrast The sky and the water contrast each other. The reds and oranges in the sky and the blues, greens, and yellow used in the water. Repetition and Rhythm Again rhythm is used to create the look and feel of movement. There is not much repetition but there is some with the design of the bridge and the buildings. I think that with Andre Derain it is more of a simplified drawing with bold color. Scale The painting is a larger scale measuring 26† x 39†. The proportion goes along with the emphasis. The use of more intense hues in the sky and water emphasizes those two areas of the painting while the composition of the bridge emphasizes that area of the painting.

Single-Sex Classrooms Essay Example

Single-Sex Classrooms Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Sex Classrooms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Sex Classrooms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Sex Classrooms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Single-sex Classrooms Single-sex class rooms as the name suggests refers to classrooms that have students of only one sex, either male or female. This method of education is called single-sex or single-gender education. In this method, the male and female students attended classes in different classrooms within the same school or in different schools all together. Prior to the nineteenth century, this was the main method used in all educational institutions. However, secondary schools and institutions of higher education like universities used this method only while junior institutions could have both genders in the same classroom or school. During the latter years of the nineteenth century, things however took a turn whereby people started protesting against this method of education. Their protests were based on the lack of equality on the institutions in question. The issue of single-sex classrooms has been debated for several years now but what has been concluded is that it has advantages and disadvan tages just as the coeducational system does. For instance, the male schools were considered to have better facilities and their students were given prominence over their female counterparts when it came to job opportunities. For this reason, the protestors wanted fairer treatment or for the system to be scraped all together. Contrary to several people’s expectations, this campaign grew and had a large number of supporters. Therefore, many researchers have decided to investigate the claims that were brought up against the single-gender system of education. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, there was an upsurge of co educational schools in Europe especially. The coeducational schools admitted both genders into the same school and classroom. This was a significant change from the previous years where this action was considered unimaginable. Conversely, even with the establishment of coeducational schools, some people still defended the single-gender education system, as opposed to the coeducational system. In a short period, the coeducation system was adopted in several countries all over the world. As much as the coeducation tradition became more popular, come countries still had several schools that were based on the single-sex education method. Such countries included United Kingdom, Israel, Australia and the greater majority of the Muslim countries that followed the Sharia law. Single sex education has advantages and disadvantages that have been noted over the years. Supporters of the system claim that it has more advantages than the coeducation system while the reverse is true for the critics of the system. For this reason, the issue of the single-sex education is considered a very controversial issue. Supporters claim that the single-sex education system enables students to perform better than when they enroll in the coeducational system. Opponents, on the other hand, claim that these claims have not been proven and are baseless. For this reason, the matter has never been settled. Several researchers have taken up the matter in a bid to prove whether the system is indeed as good as the supporters claim or if it is the reverse, as the opponents’ state. The government funded some of the research while some private institution funded some others. Ultimately, it was decided that it was the decision of the parents to decide where they will send their children for their education. They may decide on either of the systems based on their needs for their children and the notion that they have on the matter. Most of the remaining single-sex schools are boarding schools and some are under the leadership of the church. For instance, in England, most single-gender schools are boarding schools that are under the leadership of the Catholic Church. Most parents who travel a lot in the course of their careers opt for such schools for their children. On the other hand, parents who not travel as often preferred to remain in proximity to their children and send them to the coeducation schools in their neighborhoods (Gurian, 56). Article 1 from textbook Rosalind Barnett and Caryl Rivers wrote this article on the issue of single-sex education. These two authors have written many works that pertain to this controversial matter. In this particular article, the authors state unequivocally that the differences in gender should not be the basis of the curriculum. That is, the curriculum should not be created based on the genders but rather on the betterment of both genders as one. They state that instead of focusing on the genders, they should come up with ways to improve all the genders for the society to view them as equals rather than one gender being more superior to the other. The article uses an example of the City of Boston. The School Superintendent of Boston wanted to create two public schools based on the single-sex system. The schools were to be a women’s leadership academy and a men’s public service academy (Barnet, 850). By the use of this situation, the authors have explained in detail why the matter is irrational and not beneficial for the citizens in Boston. This is because the city had planned to cut its costs during the financial period in question. However, the establishment of two single-sex school was to be very expensive since instead of the construction of one school, they intended to build two, for each gender. In addition to this, the success of the single-sex education system was shrouded in controversy and its success was, therefore, unproven. This is because several researchers had proved that the issue of gender was an inconsequential factor that determined or affected the success or failure of a school and its students. Spending such, a huge sum of money based on several people’s opinions seemed to be a rather unwarranted decision by the Superintendent of Boston City. In addition, the authors go on to provide reports obtained by several prominent researchers in this field. Supporter of the single- sex system claim that there is a difference in the way girls and boys process information, perceive matters and generally think. For this reasons, they suggests the inception of the single-sex system in order to ensure that both genders receive the information as best suited for them. In the case of coeducation, the instructors have to compromise in order to provide what both genders require. Establishment of the single-sex school, therefore, avoids the conflict of interest and both genders can get the best education based on their preferences. The authors have stated, in response to this notion, that scientists had discredited the theory of the difference in thinking several years ago. The researchers had discovered that there was not a severe difference in the way males and females thought. As much as there were some differences in the brain structure and its functions in both genders, this should not have been considered the reason behind the claim that there also existed a difference in the cognitive abilities of the two genders in question. However, most of the teachers had already accepted the myth that the male and female students thought differently and they have infused this theory into the students’ heads. Based on this, the authors have provided an example of a teacher in South Carolina who stated that girls understand science more by analyzing cosmetics. On the other hand, since the males are alleged to have verbal weakness, they should be given books based or war events rather than the literature classics. This should not be the same since such a teacher makes the students believe in the weaknesses they are claimed to have. However, such teachers should consider why they support the claims of male students being weak in literature yet several prolific writers like Shakespeare were male. In the case of females who are believed to be weak in math and science, scientists like Marie Curie should be considered in order to stop the myth from spreading even further. Finally, the authors analyze the success rate of the single-sex schools. Is it based on the differentiation in gender or by the methods employed in teaching the students? The single-sex system is made appealing by the levels of success that the schools boast of. Nevertheless, contrary to several people’s beliefs the success does not originate on the fact that the students have been separated but rather on the hard work they students and teachers put in. Students in such schools are motivated and the school provides all the amenities that they require in order to succeed. The authors state categorically that the inception of these schools will cost a lot of money but the outcome may not be promising. Instead of creating new single-sex schools, the government should use the money to provide more amenities to the existing schools. This will prove beneficial since their performance will improve dramatically. The maintenance of the single-sex schools will also become unbearable for the government and they will collapse, making the venture a complete failure. For this reason, the article has addressed the matter of single-sex education in detail by providing the reasons why it is not suitable especially in the United States of America and particularly in Boston. The article has outlined the disadvantages associated with the inception of the schools. In addition to this, the authors have suggested reasonable options that maybe made in order to improve the quality of education provided in the country. If these recommendations were taken into consideration, the public schools would enjoy the same levels of success the single-sex schools enjoy now. Article 2 from textbook This second article has been obtained from the recommended text that was used throughout the course. Sally Reed has written it. In this article, the author supports the notion that boys and girls thrive while in different environments for instance the classroom (Barnet, 865). Therefore, the single-sex schools are more suitable for the students. The author has based her opinion on the results of several researchers and medical facts that pertain to the matter of the cognitive differences that occur in ales and females. She takes the side of the single-sex system since she considers it to have a greater and more positive effect on the students in question. By taking up single-gender education in the country, she explains that the teachers will be able to address the specific needs of the students they have. For this reason, the performance of the students in question will undoubtedly improve dramatically. With such an improvement, the nation will also improve since they have capable people who join the ever-versatile job market. Subsequently the economy of the country will get better. For this reason, the author advocates for the inception of single-sex school all over the country. The developments of the brains of males and females have several different aspects. Differences in the behaviors of the two genders are claimed to be because of these differences. By the differences, most people imagine gigantic differences like the brain size for example. However, this is not the case; the differences are minute to say the least but they affect the genders quite adversely. One of these variations is that the area of speech in the brain in females is significantly larger than that of the males. For this reason, the females are alleged to be better I English Literature and poetry. However, this notion has been disputed since there are some males who are great poets and writers. Researchers have proven that boys benefit more from the single-sex schools than their counterparts do. This maybe attributed to the level of discipline that they obtain from such settings. It is common knowledge that boys are very active especially in the case of children between five and ten years. This hyperactivity causes them to joke around in class and they often miss what the teacher is teaching. Consequently, the performance of the boys is a lot worse. In the case of single-sex classrooms, the teachers use the hyperactivity of the children to their advantage by creating a more engaging environment for them to learn. The creation of such a curriculum makes the focus more on the education since it is fun and they do not have to play and ignore what the teacher is teaching. Therefore, the young will be learning while still having fun and will undoubtedly perform much better. In the case of girls, one of the attributes they posses is shyness. In a coeducational classroom, the girls talk in very rare occurrences. For this reason, they are not able to ask any questions of they do not understand what the teacher is teaching. Establishment of a single-sex classroom will change this remarkably. It has been noted that the girls talk more and participate more in class if they are in a single-sex classroom. This is because they do not have to compete for attenti0on with the males who are generally more rowdy. The method of learning used in such girls’ schools is not purely based on activities, but they are rather quiet like the traditional system. This method works best for the girls and their performance picks up. Based on these differences in learning, the single-sex education system is better. This is because it will have a positive effect on both genders in the positive. Therefore, girls and boys thrive in different classrooms. Article 1 from database This article has been obtained form an online database that contains scholarly articles on various matters. The article compares the controversial issue of the benefits of single-sex education against the disadvantages it may have on the students, teachers and nation at large. This article has used the example of characters in the bestselling book Harry Potter by J.K.Rowling to illustrate this matter. The author has compared the research and findings with the occurrences in this series of books. Most people may consider this unwise since the book is purely fictional, but it is acceptable since the writer is not presenting vague ideas. On the contrary, the author of the book has infused several occurrences that occur in the day-to-day lives of people. This article answers the question; â€Å"would have the two main characters have done better in single-sex classes?†(Younger and Warrington, 580) The series consists of seven books each a depiction of one year of schooling at a school called Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The story revolves around three characters, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. The story follows their friendship all through their years in school. From the characters, the school is coeducational and has both female and male students. The article with several references to these characters seeks to discredit the single-sex system of education. In addition to this, the article also encompasses a review of the single-sex schools in the United Kingdom. Several examples have been given to explain why the single-sex system should not be adopted. The main reason is that its positive effects have not been proven, but are rather a result of several peoples’ opinions with relation to the matter. The author of this article has decided to use the illustrations from the book Harry Potter since several people would identify with it since it is a common book. This would enable even the younger readers to understand what he was trying to explain in his article. As stated before, the disadvantages of the single-sex system outweigh the advantages associates with it. There is a general claim that the females are inferior to their counterparts when it comes to subjects like mathematics and science that require a lit of analytical thinking. From this opinion, the males were considered cleverer than the females. However, in the book Harry Potter, the author has discredited this notion by creating a superbly brilliant young girl, Hermione. As the book and several events unravel, the brilliance of Hermione is depicted more openly. At one time, during a lesson, Hermione helps her friend Ron to perform a spell, which he was unable to perform. From this occurrence, he advantages of the coeducation system are visible. Hermione would have performed well in any school, whether single-sex or coeducational. Harry and Ron on the other hand would have probably performed a lot worse without Hermione. For this reason, the performance would not have improved if they were in single-sex classroom. In subsequent occasions, Hermione helped her friends, Harry and Ron, academically. Based on this, the coeducational system is a better alternative to single-gender education. This is because it enables the students to form a good relationship with each other and members of the opposite sex. For this reason, the good relationship enables them to help each other out if they have problems in class. In addition to this, they are exposed to several other personalities and this enables them to get prepared for the world, which has several different personalities. In the case of the negative, the article states that the single-sex educational system is more beneficial even without concrete proof from researchers. They cla im that this is because the results are evident in the performance and discipline the students in the single-sex schools display. The greater number of the girls’ schools have brought about a concern about the success levels of their counterpart male students. This is because there are claims that the male students are performing poorly compared to the females. This is attributed to the fact tat most single-sex schools are female. For this reason, there have been recommendations to set up more boys’ schools in order to improve their performance. Supporters of the single-sex system claim that the system enables the students to develop independence and individuality as opposed to the coeducational system that exposes them to peer-pressure for instance. For this reason, students from single-sex institutions are perceived to perform better and to be more independent. In addition to this, they also have higher levels of discipline. This has formed the basis for their support on the single-gender system. This article has effectively explained both the benefits and disadvantages that are associated with the issue of the single-sex education system. By the provision of this information, the reader is able to make a well-informed decision pe rtaining to the issue of single-gender education. Article 2 from database This article has been obtained from a database as well. The author, Gerald Bracey, is an independent researcher on the issue of single-sex education and its repercussions on the society. The article has provided a detailed history of the inception of the single-sex schools, how they were abolished and the coeducational schools took over. The provision of this history enables the reader to understand why the system was put in place and why the instructors reverted to the coeducation system. In addition to this, the readers also get to know why the present supporters want to reinstate this method of learning in the country. This article has also provided the reasons behind the advocates’ intention to revert to the single-sex education system. The opposers have also given reasons why the system should not be adopted in the country. From this particular article, the reasons the advocates have seem to be more reasonable than those of the opposers are. This is because they dwell on one point but they just paraphrase it differently each time making it sound different yet it is the same thing. The opposing group claims that the single-sex system enforces sexism, which they are trying to eradicate. Advocates on the other hand state that sexism has been there and will continue to exist even without the establishment of the single-sex schools. This is because two different genders exist and they have different methods of thinking. The single-sex education system will not have a magnanimous effect on sexism since it is already present in the society. The advantages associated with the single-gender system are numerous according to the author. This is in comparison to the coeducation system. For instance in the case of females, the single-sex system has led to the improvement of their self esteem as opposed to when they are in the coeducational schools. This is because they are able to accept themselves as they are and for this reason, they become more comfortable with themselves. In addition to this, the presence of other girls around makes the acceptance faster since they all identify with each other’s problems and can help each other out if need arises. It was also noted that in the single-sex schools girls enrolled into courses that they often avoided in the coeducational setting. These courses included engineering and architecture mainly. This was because there was a perception that girls could not pursue those courses since they were difficult and so only the boys could pursue them. However, in the single-sex schools, the notion of superiority is not there and more girls venture into these courses. Another advantage of the single-sex system is that the behaviors of the boys are controlled better in that setting. Boys are commonly rowdy and may not be controlled I some situations. Single-sex schools on the other hand are able to control the boys and instill discipline in them simply by their approach to them. This may not be effective in the coeducational schools since a change in the learning system would affect the girls in the school adversely. For this reason, the single-sex system is a more effective learning system. Adolescence in the coeducational schools brings about many distractions for the students. The distraction is mainly due to the changes the students undergo at this time. Subsequently, the performance of the students is affected by the ‘distractions’ that ensue. Presence of the single-sex schools avoids such distractions and therefore, the students’ performance remains unaffected. In addition to this, problems like teenage pregnancies that occur often in the coeducational schools are avoided in the single-sex schools. With the numerous advantages the author has brought to light, he supports the single-sex school system. He has given several recommendations that may be used in order to ensure that the controversy is solved to some extent. The author does not believe in the establishment of only one system that should be uses in all the learning institutions in the country. However, he also has no problem with the inception of the single-gender institutions for the students and parents who prefer them. Opposition of the single-sex system completely is completely irrational since there are some students who prefer them and perform better in such institutions. For this reason, the country should accord freedom to the citizens to establish and enroll their students in whichever institution that they prefer. This will ensure the controversy ends as the author states (Bracey, 42). Article 1 from other independent sources A freelance writer has written this article on behalf of the great schools corporation. It focuses on the pros and cons of the single-sex education system. The author has explained briefly what the single-sex education entails and has further explains what factors affect the decision of the parents to enroll their students into the single-sex education systems. Afterwards the author has explained the pros and cons of this system separately and in remarkable detail. Finally, the author has outlined how the public has responded to this debate and their opinions towards the matter of single-sex education. The pros for the single-sex system are based on the difference in the learning abilities of the different genders. The differences that boys and girls have when it comes to learning have warranted the need for the establishment of the single-gender classrooms in several schools. Most parents who have enrolled their children into the single-sex classrooms seem very happy with the result s, as the author has noted. Such parents have then told other parents who have resorted to this system too. This is the reason why such schools are becoming more common in the country. The author has also obtained a lot of information from researchers who have conducted several studies in this field. The results show that the single-sex education has several advantages especially in the case of the performance of the children as opposed to the coeducational system. The article by enlisting the use of the researcher makes it more credible to the readers. On the other hand, the author has listed the cons that are associated with the single-gender system. For instance, she states that the system may not be successful since very few teachers are trained to teach specific genders. For this reason, the teachers may use wrong methods to teach their students and this may affect the students’ performance generally. The other cons revolve round the negative effect the system will have on the students in their later years. For instance, since the students are used to interacting with the same gender, they will have a difficult time associating with members of the opposite sex in the case of the employment areas for example. What the critics who claim this forget is that the students interact with each other after school and during the holidays. For this reason, their claims are rather baseless and the single-sex education system is advantageous based on the information provided in this article (Stanberry, 1). Article 2 from other independent sources This article is based on the legal battles that ensued when sine public schools took up the single-sex education system. The author is Abigail Pesta, a freelance writer. The article addresses how successful single-sex education is. There was a lawsuit against a public school because it had initiated the single-sex system as a voluntary experiment to determine hoe effective it was. The performance of the students improved a lot and as a result, more students enrolled into the program. The principal established the single-sex classrooms after he attended a seminar by a psychologist, Leonard Sax. Sax provided them with suggestions on how to set up the system in their schools. In addition to this, he also explained the advantages that were associated with this method of learning. Impressed by the advantages, the principal initiated the program that became a success. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the lawsuit. ACLU did this on behalf of one parent whose three daughters schooled in the same school in question. They complained that there was gender inequality in the single-sex classroom system. For instance, the boys’ classrooms were better lit than the girls’ classrooms and this was considered unfair. The principal defended his actions by stating that the male students need a more active environment in order to participate and concentrate during the lesson. The more active environment included the installation of brighter lights and more colorful wallpaper. For the female students, this was not necessary since they concentrate in a calm environment. His response to the claims was accepted since Sax also supported his claim. This article has addressed the debate that has been going on over the years about the single-sex education method system. The author has provided an example of a scenario in which the controversy came up (Pesta, 1). The issue of single-sex education will not be solved by the endless lawsuits that are filled against institution which have the system. The only solution would be a compromise between the advocates and the opposers of this matter. In such a compromise, they will accept the single-sex classroom system if it is voluntary for the patents and the students. This would be effective since it will now be the decision of the parents rather than the opposers or advocates of the matter. If this suggestion is not implemented, the controversy will see no end since no system will be accepted without some disapproval. In my opinion, single-gender education is very effective as has been proven by the performance of the students who learn using this system.

Lab

Lab Introduction Water plays a vital role in biological systems. Some species are able to survive in diverse environment such as fishes in salt water, Cactus plants in dry land and mammalian cells in aqueous surrounding because of the specialized underlying structures of these life-forms. In order for us to appreciate these special adaptation, we first need to know how a typical plant or an animal cell organelle behaves in different water and solute concentrations. In this lab, we will determine the effects of hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions on plant and animal cells. In general when an animals cell's placed in hypertonic solution it shrivels; a plant cell on the other hand undergoes plasmolysis. When an animal cell's placed in hypotonic solution, it begins to swell and then finally lyse; a plant cell placed in this type of solution however, is said to be turgid. In isotonic solution, the animal cell stays the same (normal) whereas the plant cell becomes flaccid.en: Epidermi s cells of Rhoeo Discolor; the vacuole...

Health And Safety Issues Of Immersive Virtual Reality Technologies Essays

Health And Safety Issues Of Immersive Virtual Reality Technologies Essays Health And Safety Issues Of Immersive Virtual Reality Technologies Paper Health And Safety Issues Of Immersive Virtual Reality Technologies Paper Gupta, Wantland and Klien (1996) propose that many of the peripheral equipments used in VR are possible fomites. A fomite is a safe object that is capable to harbour pathogenic organisms and as such, may work as an agent for the transmission of infectivity. They then propose that airborne pathogens and skin flora flourish in atmospheres as similar to those of HMDs and hand controller devices. An added thought at this point is that HMDs are frequently of enclosed design and produce a substantial heat in powering the displays. This can regularly lead to some sweating for the user particularly if the immersive task needs a definite amount of physical activity. Immersion Injuries Both Gupta et al. (1996) and Viirre (1993) propose that there may also be a chance of injury while the user is using a fully immersive HMD. As Viirre proposes, when a user is using an HMD, they are operationally blind in actual terms. This can cause problems due to conflict with real world objects or probably the VR system cabling and even if the user has some external vision, the forceful immersive scene may divert attention from the real world. Additional, many HMDs also offer sound cues for the user that effectively reduce aural stimulation from the real world. Physiological Physiological problems are probably the most well documented and at present, well researched sickness problem recently credited to VR systems. In fact some accounted physiological side-effects such as simulator sickness have been studied for some time. Of the probable physiological side-effects, visual symptoms and motion sickness type symptoms emerge to cause the most concern. As a result, majority of the studies into physiological results has been focussed in these areas. Visual Issues The visual presentation of the virtual atmosphere is very significant. The processing and organisation of visual input engages the use of a larger portion of the brain than for any other sense. North (1993) approximated that for a complicated task such as driving, 90 per cent of the received information is visual. It is therefore not astonishing that producers go to great lengths to offer a compelling visual atmosphere. As proposed however, stereoscopic semi-immersive systems may have added side-effects. One of the prime causes for the origin of side-effects is proposed to be the dissociation of accommodation and union in the visual system. Indication of Near Market Development In 1993, Mon-Williams, Wann and Rushton accounted physiological symptoms in many subjects pursued by immersion in an HMD. Of the 20 subjects who contributed in their experiment, 12 complained of symptoms such as headache, eyestrain and nausea and 4 displayed a transient decrease in binocular visual acuity. The subjects also displayed symptoms of binocular stress that included modifications in heterophoria and an increment in near point of junction. Mon-Williams and Pascal (1995) proposed that these symptoms of visual/binocular stress were connected, not only to poor image quality and close working distance of the screens, but more primarily with the inconsistency between space and convergence requirement when using a stereoscopic HMD. This problem will take place in any stereoscopic system where the main image is shaped on a flat screen and stereo images are presented by demonstrating slightly dissimilar images to each eye. In the natural atmosphere, focus and union are essentially connected. If one accommodates (focuses) on a near object, the eyes will automatically unite. Likewise, if focus is transformed to a distant object, the eyes will mechanically deviate slightly (see Figure 1). Using stereoscopic display devices such as shutter glasses or HMDs, this will not happen. In this situation, the focal demand is always invariable but the convergence demand modifies as the user regards objects at different geometric depths in the virtual world. This accommodation/ convergence is not a natural occurrence and has been said to result in visual stress. Probable Health Benefits Mutually Howarth (1994) and Wilson (1996) point out that in addition to looking for problems; it is significant to make out that VR methods may also attest helpful in various applications. Recently there is much investigation work being carried out in the VR field that will be of benefit to users. In terms of physical issues, more usual interface methods may reduce static posture problems, the use of LCD displays may minimise vision problems associated with CRT displays and physical loads associated with keying (Wilson, 1996). VR also presents a much improved method for health and safety training, even though as Howarth (1994) proposes, this function is largely concealed. VR methods can be used in ergonomic assessment of workspace plan, for fast prototyping of control interfaces, for the simulation of probably dangerous surroundings such as nuclear plant maintenance and in education and training of users in parts such as the maintenance of complicated machinery. As Howarth says, the fact that the use of VR has helped an operator avoid an accident or react correctly in the event of a crisis is largely unseen. VR also has numerous applications that can be directly linked to healthcare. In a white paper on the usage of Virtual Surroundings for Health Care, Moline (1995) shows numerous parts where patient care can be assisted by VR methods. These include:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of VR for remote telesurgery.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VR methods used in local surgery such as endoscopy, where the surgeon manipulates instruments by viewing a TV monitor.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VEs used as surgical simulators or trainers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VEs used as therapy devices to reduce anxiety or fear. One example is dentists using 3D eyeglasses to divert a patients attentiveness during dental operations  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VEs are also being used to reduce phobias such as agoraphobia and vertigo. North, North and Coble (1996) present an indication of existing work in the use of VR methods to decrease phobias in their book VR Therapy. Conclusion Investigation into the side effects of VR use is a complicated and difficult business and it is clear that concerns do remain about the outcomes of using such systems. Educational investigation does show that some indications happen whilst using VR tools and that these outcomes (such as nausea) can be quite incapacitating in the interim. Whether or not there is a lasting outcome is difficult to find out, partly because of the fact that VR methods are comparatively new and are constantly evolving. References Bolas, M.T. (1994). Human elements in the design of an immersive system. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 14, pp 55-59. Cobb, S.V.G., Nichols, S.C. and Wilson, J.R. (1995). Health and Safety Implications of Virtual Reality: In Search of an Experimental Methodology. Proceedings of FIVE ‘95 Conference. London, Dec. 1995. Costello, P.J. and Howarth, P.A. (1996a). Visual issues in virtual atmospheres Part 1. Optometry Today, March 11 1996 pgs 34-36. Costello, P.J. and Howarth, P.A. (1996b). Visual issues in virtual atmospheres Part 2. Optometry Today, April 8 1996 pgs 38-40. Costello, P.J. and Howarth, P.A. (1996c). The visual results of immersion in four virtual atmospheres. VISERG Internal Report 9604. Dain, S.J., A.K. McCarthy, and T. Chan-Ling. (1988). Symptoms in VDU Operators. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 65(3): 162-167. Daum, K.M., G. Good, and L. Tijerina. (1988). Symptoms in Video Display Terminal Fatigue in Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Work. Acta Ophthalmologica, Supplement 185:175-176. Delaney, B. (1996). Drivers in Virtual Rigs. Cyberedge Journal Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov/Dec, pp 1, 4. Grandjean, E. (1987). Ergonomics in computerised offices. London, Taylor and Francis. Operators and the Presence of Small Refractive Errors. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 59(9): 691-697. Gupta, S.C., Wantland, C.A. and Klein, S.A. (1996). Cyberpathology: Medical Concerns of VR Applications. Journal of Medicine and Virtual Reality 1996: 1 (2) 8-11. Havron, M. and Butler, L. (1957). Evaluation of training efficientness of the 2FH2 helicopter flight trainer research tool. Naval Training Device Centre, Port Washington, New York, NAVTRADEVCEN 1915-00-1. Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations. (1992). No. 2792. London, HMSO. Howarth, P.A. (1994). Virtual Reality: an occupational health hazard of the future? Presented at RCN Occupational Nurses Forum, Glasgow, Scotland, Working for Health, 22 April 1994. Howarth, P.A. (1996) Empirical Studies of Accommodation, Convergence, and HMD Use. Proceedings of the Hoso-Bunka Foundation Symposium, Tokyo, December 3 1996 Howarth, P.A. (1996). Virtual Reality (VR) Spans the Atlantic. Optometry Today, June 3 1996 pgs 37-38. Howarth, P.A. (1997). Oculomotor Changes within Virtual Atmospheres. In Press. Howarth, P.A. and Costello, P.J. (1996). Visual Results of Immersion in Virtual Atmospheres: Interim Results from the UK Health and Safety Executive Study, Presented at the Society for Information Display International Symposium, San Diego, Howarth, P.A. and Costello, P.J. (1997). The Occurrence of Virtual Simulation Sickness Symptoms when an HMD was used as a Personal Viewing System. Accepted for publication in Displays.. Howarth, P.A. and Istance, H.O. (1985). The association between visual discomfort and the use of visual display units. Behaviour and Information Technology, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 131-149. Howarth, P.A. and Istance, H.O. (1986). The validity of subjective reports of visual discomfort. Human Elements 28(3) pgs 347-352. Kalawsky, R.S. (1996). Exploiting Virtual Reality Techniques in Education and Training: Technological Issues. SIMA Report Series ISSN 1356-5370. Kellogg, R.S., Castore, C. and Coward, R. (1980). Psychological results of training in a full vision simulator. Annual Scientific Meeting of the Aerospace Medical Association. California, May 12-17, pgs 885-888. Kennedy, R.S. and Frank, L.H. (1985). A review of motion sickness with special reference to simulator sickness. (AD-A155 975), p.45. Canyon Research Group, Inc., Westlake Village, CA, 15th Apr. Kennedy, R.S., Berbauum, K.S., Lilienthal, M.G., Dunlap, W.P., Mulligan, B.F. and Funaro, J.F. (1987). Guidelines for alleviation of simulator sickness symptomatology. (NAVTRASYSCEN TR-87007) (AD-A182 554), p.68, March. Kolasinski, E.M. (1995). Simulator Sickness in Virtual Atmospheres. U.S. Army Research Institute, Technical Report 1027. Leuder, R. (1986). Work station design. In R. Leuder (ed.), The ergonomics payoff: Designing the electronic office. Toronto, Ont., Canada: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Maddox, E.E. (1893). The Clinical Use of Prisms; and the Decentring of Lenses. John Wright and Sons, Bristol, England. McCauley, M.E. and Sharkey, T.J. (1991). Cybersickness: Perception of Self-Motion in Virtual Atmospheres. Presence, 1, pp 311-317. Moline, J. (1995). Virtual Atmospheres for Health Care. White Paper for the Advanced Technology Program (ATP). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Mon-Williams, M. and Pascal, E. (1995). Virtual Reality Displays, Implications for Optometrists. Optometry Today, Jan. 30th, pp 30-33. Mon-Williams, M., Wann, J.P. and Rushton, S. (1993). Binocular Vision in a Virtual World: Visual Deficits Following the Wearing of a Head-Mounted Display. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 13th Oct, pp 387-391. National Research Council. (1983). Visual Display, Work and Vision. National Academy Press. North, M., North, S. and Coble, J. (1996). Virtual Reality Therapy. IPI Press, Colorado Springs, CO, USA. North, R. (1993). Work and the Eye. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Pausch, R., Crea, T. and Conway, M. (1992). A Literature Survey for Virtual Atmospheres: Military Flight Simulator Visual Systems and Simulator Sickness. Presence, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp 344-363. Peli, E. (1995). Real vision and virtual reality. Optics and Photonics News, July, pp 28-34. Peli, E. (1996). Health and Safety Issues with Head Mounted Displays (HMD). Proceedings of the Hoso-Bunka Foundation Symposium, Tokyo, December 3, 1996. Pickwell, D., Jenkins, T. and Yekta, A.A. (1987). The result on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp 345-347. Regan, E. and Price, K. (1993a). Some side-effects of Immersion Virtual Reality. APRE Report 93R010. Regan, E. and Price, K. (1993b). Some side-effects of Immersion Virtual Reality: An Investigation Into the Relationship between Inter-Pupillary Distance and Ocular Related Problems. APRE Report 93R023. Riva, G. (1996). But, Look at it This Way. Cyberedge Journal Vol. 6, No. 6, Nov/Dec, pp 10-11. Robinett, W. and Rolland, J.P. (1992). A Computational Model for the Stereoscopic Optics of a Head-Mounted Display. Presence 1, pp45-61. Schor, C.M. (1986). The Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture: Adaptive Regulation of Accommodative Vergence and Vergence Accommodation. American Journal of Optometry and Physio. Optics, 63, pp 587-609. Sethi, B. (1986). Vergence Adaptation: A Review. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 63, pp 247-263. Sheehy, J.B. and Wilkinson, M. (1989). Depth Perception after Prolonged Usage of Night Vision Goggles. Aviation, Space and Environ. Med., June, pp573-579. Shen, C.S., S.B. Chiu, A.H. Wang, and L.S. Ko. (1988). Accommodation and Visual Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer Addiction? A Study of Computer Dependency. Taylor and Francis. So, R.H.Y. (1994). An investigation of the results of lags on motion sickness with a Head-Coupled Visual Display. In: Proceedings of the UK Informal Group Meeting on Human Response to Vibration. Alverstaoke, Gosport, Hants. 19-21 Sept. Viirre, E. (1994). A Survey of Medical Issues and Virtual Reality Technology. Virtual Reality World, August, pp 16-24. Wilson, J.R. (1996). Results of participating in virtual atmospheres: A review of current knowledge. Safety Science, Vol. 23, No.1, pp 39-51. Wilson, J.R., Nichols, S.C. and Ramsey, A. (1995). Virtual Reality Health and Safety: Facts, Speculation and Myths. VR News, Vol. 4, Issue. 9, pp 20-24. Youngblut, C., Johnson, R.E., Nash, S.H., Wienclaw, R.A. and Will, C.A. (1996). Review of Virtual Atmosphere Interface Technology, Institute for Defence Analyses (IDA), Paper P-3186.

The Concept of Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Concept of Representation - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore the concept of representation from a multifaceted approach. On election, the elected member’s behavior in the house is determined by various factors. The concept of representation is based on the fact that the member of the House wants to be re-elected. Therefore, the member’s vote on a bill is based on the interest of their constituents. In contrast, organizational concept the members of the constituents are unaware of their leader’s vote. Therefore, the vote of their political leaders is not influenced by the need to please them. The attitudinal concept is based on the assumption that there are many conflicting pressures on the member of Congress such that these pressures cancel each other out. This means that the member votes on based on their own will and beliefs. According to Melancton Smith, the members of Congress should resemble those they represent in the House. The member ought to posses the same characteristics of the people they resemble. These members ought to be a reflection of the people they represent so as to understand as well as comprehend the needs and desires of their people. Smith argues that, for one to understand and sympathize with all the distress of the people, they must have knowledge about the circumstances surrounding the people. According to Smith, this knowledge cannot be attained through education. The member has to be in the same circumstances as the people they represent. Because of this, Smith believes that those in the middling class are more competent to represent the people than those in the superior class. This is because persons in the middling class not only comprehend the commercial and political situation of the country but also have knowledge of the circumstance of the people (Smith, 1788). According to Smith, for the government to impose taxes on the people they not only require to understand the financial system but also knowledge on the ability and the circumstances of the people. This means that the government has to analyze how the tax burden will bear upon the different class of people. This means the members of Congress should have knowledge about the people they represent in terms of class and the circumstances surrounding each class (Smith, 1788). According to Smith, to determine whether the number of members of Congress proposed by a constitution is sufficient, it is necessary to scrutinize the qualifications which the members ought to posses so as to address the needs of the people. Smith argues that the number of representatives should be large enough to admit members from both the middling and superior class. In every society, there are classes based on wealth, education, talent and birth. In societies where the government so constituted, the House will be composed of members from the superior class. This is because men of the superior class are likely to be elected by the members of the society. Smith also believes that, men of the superior class are likely to succeed during elections because of their influence. According to Smith, the men in the superior class easily form associations to address their interest. On the other hand, the poor and those in the middling class form associations with difficulties. The voters of the poor and middle class will be divided with a majority in favor of those in the superior class. In this case, the government will be composed

Geology Week 9 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geology Week 9 questions - Essay Example In the beginning, the shortages would cause inconveniences. Gas stations would run out of fuel. When gas was available, the prices would be outrageous. Plastic products would become rarer. A change would occur, but not easily. Green powered energy would become the new business. In the end, Americans would produce the energy needed as history has shown. 2. Investigate how geophysicist M. King Hubbert predicted in 1956 that annual U.S. oil production would peak in the early 1970s (the actual peak occurred in 1971). Also, investigate the debate over whether the same predictive technique can be applied to world oil supplies. When do you think world oil production will reach its peak—or has it done so already? Hubbert was a geologist. He predicted that oil would peak. His (Hubbert 1958) rationalization was it took 500 million years for the oil reserve to be formed. The reserve was limited. Oil would peak and then decline depending on usage. He also based his prediction on coal. The figures of coal production, peaking, and finally declining was a basis of part of his prediction. Hubbert (1958) used the following calculations with t standing for time is t=0 at the beginning and at first t equals a finite limit to reserves that are in a specific amount. The t will peak and eventually go back to 0. Using a complicated calculus formula that only a true mathematician could understand, he came up with the following chart: Hubbert was scoffed at for this prediction. Short term people would laugh and say oil would run out far in the future. Hubbert did not base his predication on feelings or emotions, he used a formula. He could prove what he was saying. It is looking like Hubbert was the only smart one that could face reality. 3. Many hydrothermal mineral deposits of copper, gold, silver, and other metals have been found in the countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. Can you offer an explanation for this remarkable concentration? If you were

The Importance of Accounting Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Accounting Essay Accounting is an important means for an enterprise to implement efficient management, and the main basis to draft policies and plans. With the development of economy and the improvement of modern corporate system, the significance of accounting is becoming more and more obvious. This essay will discuss the main functions of accounting in business contest, thus prove that accounting is really essential and indispensable for an enterprise. Following this, it will explain why it is important for non-accounting professional and non-accounting students to have at least basic knowledge and understanding of accounting. The main functions of accounting in business contest There are many functions of accounting. The importance of accounting in business contest can be stated as follows: Firstly, accounting is an essential part of the whole enterprise management. There are many different departments in a company. The efficiency of the company’s management is not depended on the executives only, but the co-effect of all departments. Accounting is extensively, directly and continuously related to all departments and all business affairs in an enterprise. Therefore, accounting department is in the core position of the operation system. Only by making accounting one part of management, shall we improve the economic efficiency and expend our strength. Secondly, the information of accounting is the basis for decision making. The work of accounting is based on all kinds of information, such as National Economy and social development, and the result of their work should reflect the information. Generally speaking, the accuracy of the executives’ decision depends much on the accuracy of accounting information. The decision makers need accurate accounting information and overall analysis to ensure compatibility between production and sale, exploitation of the market, pricing, and investment of fund. Thirdly, accounting forecast is the foundation of business decision. When making business decisions, comprehending and foreseeing the change of the market is significant as well as mastering the present demand. The executives of an enterprise will foresee the potential demand and development of the market by making accounting analysis. On the other hand, they will analyze the past and present production and sale, and calculate the targeting ones of the future. By doing so, the decision made by the enterprise will be reliable and dependable. Fourthly, accounting analysis is an important guarantee for the business decision. Accounting analysis is not only the premise of planning, but also an important means to evaluate whether the plan is implemented appropriately and see some suggestions for improvement. Through the accounting analysis of the operation achievement, we can explore the potential approach of improving economic benefit and discover the weak segment of the management. Last but not least, the results of accounting are criteria to fix the accuracy of the business decision. Accounting results are quantitative display of the business results. They can reflect the state of business operating accurately. The necessity for non-accountings to have basic knowledge of accounting Accounting is closely connected with all business affairs in an enterprise. It is essential and indispensable for the executives to make all kinds of decision. Consequently, it is really very necessary for non-accounting professional especially the executives to have at least basic knowledge and understanding of accounting. As the leader of the company, they should realize the important function of accounting, strengthen the position of accounting and support the work of accounting mentally, materially and financially. In addition, basic knowledge and understanding of accounting is also very important for non-accounting students who want to be successful in business field in the future. As some of the experts said, accounting is the basic language of business (Yoshiaki, 1990). Therefore, understanding the basic language is the basic element for success. Conclusion Conclusively, accounting is important in a business context and it is important for non-accounting students and professional to have at least basic knowledge and understanding of accounting.

Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman

Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   "'Lo! There ye stand, my children,' said the figure, in a deep and solemn tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelis nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. "Depending on one another's hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now ye are undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your race!'" The above quotation from Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown is of central importance in analyzing the attitudes and ideas present throughout the story, though in a curious way. The quotation (and the story itself), on first reading, seem superficially to portray a central character's loss of faith and the spiritual tragedy contained therein. Rereading, however, reveals a more complex set of ideas, ones which neither fully condemn nor condone the strictly constructed dichotomy of good and evil that Hawthorne employs again and again over the course of Goodman Brown's journey. I think Hawthorne had much more in mind than a mere outline of good and evil. His primary struggle in Young Goodman Brown seems to be less with faith vs. the faithless void than with the points in between these states. The story seems more about the journey through between two rigidly defined states than about good and evil. By describing good and evil through heavy-handed metaphors and symbols, such as his wife's name and the satanic communion he finds himself at in the forest, and then describing goodman Brown's inability to adapt his self-image to the hypocrisy he finds, Hawthorne comments on the ultimate failure of such a rigidly proscribed formula for... ... these two states than it is about a definitive statement on outlining a definition of "proper" human behavior. Works Cited Capps,   Jack L.   "Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown", Explicator, Washington D.C., 1982 Spring,   40:3, 25. Easterly, Joan Elizabeth.   "Lachrymal Imagery in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown", Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C.,   1991 Summer,   28:3, 339-43. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   "Young Goodmam Brown", The Story and Its Writer, 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press, 1995, 595-604. Shear, Walter.   "Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in Three American Short Stories",   Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C.,   1992 Fall, 29:4, 543-549. Tritt, Michael.   "Young Goodman Brown and the Psychology of Projection",   Studies in Short Fiction, Newberry, S.C., 1986 Winter, 23:1, 113-117.         

Effective institution & education

In the increasing diversity and challenges in education, every student looks for an effective institution that will cater their needs and interests as an individual. Each one feels the need to be comfortable not only in the curriculum or degree they are taking but at the same time the availability to expand their knowledge and experience outside the four walls of the classroom.In the end, the integral part of the learning process involves synchronizing student goals with the framework of the school/college.The choice of education has always been an important decision for me as I engage into another phase of my life. I feel the need to prefer a school that will cater to my needs as a student and at the same time offer opportunities to grow in my other talents and capabilities. Moreover, it must also showcase a nurturing environment where I can establish healthy social relationships with my peers and colleagues.Lastly, I favor an educational institution that will accommodate for my hol istic maturity as an individual. With all of these, Gonzaga College High School came into my mind.One important reason how the Gonzaga will benefit me as a student is the fact that it can serve as my training ground to have the necessary skills to be competitive amongst my counterparts. Its curriculum boasts numerous classroom programs aimed towards enhancing potentials inside and outside the classroom.Likewise, it can instill in me the discipline and proper attitude to address work and study. By giving me these relative experiences, I can better deal with more complex and complicated situations without compromising effectiveness and quality of work.Another reason that Gonzaga can provide assistance in my education is its ability to harness my other capabilities and talents. With my current interest in lacrosse, I feel that I can be a good contribution to the team if ever I am accepted. I will try to the utmost of my capacity to make it one of the best in the league.On the other han d, my musical inclination can be enhanced by the school as well. By giving me the opportunity to play in a musical band, my guitar skills can be better and at the same time provide enjoyment to listeners.Lastly, I do believe that Gonzaga can supply my interests as a student which is why it has been my first choice for attending and independent school. This is because I do not believe that the public school system can give me the sufficient academic and social environment that Ð ° student like myself desires and needs for future advancement.With a better management and dedicated educators, I feel that making this choice shall never be a mistake. This is why I firmly believe that the admission in Gonzaga will give me an edge and provide a learning environment in which I can use to excel and pave the way for a good college education.In the end, it may be true that a good educational institution is beneficial for the student to have a better future. However, it must also take the dedic ation and perseverance of an individual to succeed. I believe that I too must also contribute to my overall improvement.Though the school can have the necessary tools towards attaining these objectives, the rest of the process still rests on my part. Due to this, I feel that having the proper attitude and mindset towards education and learning can supplement what the school and teachers provide. It is this merging and continuous exchange between two processes that the overall goals of self improvement and success are attained

Education system of the United States of America Essay

The education system of the United States of America is divided into four major categories; the children join primary school at the age of five years. Upon completion of the primary education the Americans join secondary school which consists of seven years. The students who are through with the secondary level are then enrolled in the undergraduate schools. Students in these schools are offered either with an associate degree which takes two years or a bachelor’s degree which normally takes four years. Finally for the students who have successfully completed their bachelor’s degree and wish to continue enroll in the graduate schools where they can either pursue either a master’s degree which normally takes a period of two years or a doctorate degree for those students who wish to advance their education. Depending on the course the student opts to take the doctorate degree can take as little as three years or as many as six years to complete (Bobo, pp 84). Inequality in the education system of US Inequality in education is said to occur when the education quality that is provided to students is highly related to their class or status. The education system in the United States of America have instead of reducing inequalities existing in the society, the schools together with other educational establishments have to some extent enhanced the perpetuation of race and class boundaries. The allocation of resources in an unfair and unequal manner, to students with diverse socio economic backgrounds, has largely contributed to lowering of test scores and low enrollments rates in colleges. In the United States of America, resources availability and quality is determined by the quantity of funding received by the schools. This funding is determined largely by the amount of taxes that the home owners pay; almost half of taxes collected from home owners are used in the funding of the schools at the district level (Ferguson, pp 77). Neighborhoods that are more affluent collect more property taxes which imply that the schools in these areas receive more funding. Despite the fact that this seems to be quite favorable a serious problem comes up when the circumstances are reversed. The neighborhoods that are predominantly inhabited by poor population, the properties are cheaper and thus the property taxes obtained from such neighborhoods are also less. This therefore means that the schools in these regions are poorly funded and yet they are the ones which the students from the poor families attend. This clearly shows a lot of inequality since the students from the rich families who will in most cases will be living in wealthy neighborhoods will attend school which are well funded by the taxes collected from home owners, whereas their colleagues from the poor families residing in poor neighborhoods will attend poorly funded schools and thus both categories of students will not receive the same quality of education. The above situation reality is that the resources distribution among the schools depends on the socio economic status of both the students and the parents. Therefore, the education system of the United States of America enhances in the widening the existing gap between the poor and the rich. Over the past few years as a result of falling short of social mobility this gap has increased further (Bobo, pp 168). The social mobility is quite rigid in US; this mobility refers to the movement of people in a certain class status from one generation to another. The socio mobility is highly related to the rich tags, they create a notion that anyone with determination and works hard is able progress upward regardless to their back grounds. On contrary to this notion, the economists and sociologists have concluded that social mobility has stagnated or even decreased in the past three decades, some of the declines in the social mobility can only be attributed to the US education system which is stratified. The education system in the country forces the students from the low income families into schools that are not ideal; these students are in turn not offered with equal education motivation and schooling opportunities as those students from rich families. This repeated pattern of intergenerational school choices for child and parent results in social mobility stagnation (Kozol, pp 105). The models showing the attainment of social status have always assumed that social mobility is a contest which is open and that it is based on value as calculated over several years of technical ability and schooling. The open contest made the assumption that there was an equal opportunity to basic education. The Supreme Court made a ruling that schools that were separate but equal were unconstitutional; those opposed to integration had to find new means and ways of denying the basic education. If the schools being attended by the blacks and whites could not be segregated then the classes too could not and thus both the whites and the blacks should attend the same schools and classrooms failure to which will amount to denying equality in education to all students (Kozol, pp 98). Social immobility is more to the children who follow their parents’ footsteps and fail to obtain higher education. Such choices finally make the children from the poor families fail to access higher education. The reasons for the children from poor back grounds opting not to continue with higher education have a lot of explanations. The government on its part does not create enough awareness among the children equally and hence the children from lower class status grow up with fewer expectations in life, because such has not been properly instilled in them early in life by the education system that exists in the country. The education system of the United States of America lets down the students from the low income bracket since it does not offer them equal access to opportunities and resources as it does to those students from wealthy families. Studies have also shown that such programs such as the tracking education and gifted education are further used to manage the separation of those with lower skill levels from the ones with higher skills, which in most cases ends up separating the poor from the rich. In fact, most of the students in the program of the gifted students are from middle class families. This does not mean that it is only the rich students that are smart and the poor ones are not, but it simply implies that the program is used to enhance education inequality among the students on the basis of their back grounds it also shows that the students from the poor back grounds are not offered equal opportunities as the rich ones in their childhood development to enable them build up certain skills. The upper and middle class students grow up in an environment that foster their educational and intellectual development simply because their parents can afford to take their children to the museums, engage them in extra curricular activities, and pay private teachers to attend to their children. The poor children do not have access to such an integrated learning approach and the same is not provided in the education system of the US (Greenhouse, 124). The evidence of the fruits of inequality of the education system in the United States of America and especially in Chicago can be shown by the demographics and enrollment rates in colleges. It is highly influenced by the socio economic status of the students, in a study that was carried out in Chicago which examined the top colleges it found out that the following student representation. Seventy five percent of the students were from very rich socio economic backgrounds while the rest came from the poor back grounds. This is a good example of how much inequality exists in the education system of the United States of America and particularly Chicago (Lui, pp 220). The gap in the education system of US just like the chasm of wealth is growing wider and wider each year. An equal opportunity of accessing quality education has become a perennial dream for most of the progressive people and the working class. This dream has been undermined by forces of neo conservative. Despite the fact that there was the adoption of free education in the public schools by the US government in the past, an equal opportunity for quality education is yet to be achieved. Education in the public schools has always been provided for free, although in the past it was not free to the Native Americans, slaves, migrants, student with special needs, pregnant girls and other groups of people which were neglected (Bobo, pp 180). Although slavery came to an end, inequality in the education system still persists, despite the fact that it was one of the major rights the former slaves fought for. The former black slaves thought that by getting access to quality education they would be in a position to integrate socially with other Americans, but this remains a dream that is yet to be realized even though more than a century has elapsed since slavery was abolished. Black children have to date been denied a chance to access quality education since a vast majority of them come from poor families and the education structure in the united states of America is such that it offers a more favorable environment to rich students and denies the poor ones a chance to attend good schools which are well funded with ample resources to enable the students acquire quality education. As a result the black children have for a long time been prevented from succeeding academically and finally succeeding financially after school which applies to the whites (Kozol, pp 112). In Chicago as it is in most parts of the United States the blacks cannot afford to live in rich neighborhoods and since the schools receive much of their funding from the collection of property taxes from home owners, very little is collected in areas inhabited by the black population which in turn implies that their children will attend poorly funded schools which will in most cases lack proper facilities to enhance a smooth learning process. When students are educated in facilities lacking enough facilities they will end up performing poorly and thus have limited chances of excelling academically and in very rare cases will they be in a position to join credible institutions of higher learning. Such students will therefore, in future not be able to secure good white collar jobs and thus they are likely to earn much less in future as compared to those students who were in a position of attending schools that had enough facilities. Therefore, poor students will in future not be able to take their students to good schools since they cannot afford and hence their children will follow in their foot steps and the poverty chain will continue (Ferguson, pp 152). The education system in the United States aids in the maintenance of the existing class structure. Ever since slavery was abolished, the education system has been used by the racist whites as an instrument of enabling them maintains their throne by maintaining a poor black population. The ideas that the minority are inferior have been spread all over the country for decades and the less informed people have always fallen into the trap, as they are made to believe that intelligence and superiority is determined by one’s race. Skewed data has been used to assert such claims and to spread the ill intended ideas (Kozol, pp 144). Conclusion The education system of the United Sates of America is amounts to inequality as students are not given an equal opportunity of accessing quality education. This is mainly as result of the funding system which has been adopted which denies poor students a chance to attend schools that are well funded and thus have ample facilities to enable the to excel academically. The students from rich socio economic back grounds are in a position to attend well funded schools since such students will in most cases live in rich neighborhoods and since school funding originates from property taxes their schools will be well funded as more taxes will be collected in their neighborhoods. The fruits of this inequality are very evident in the enrollment rates of students in institutions of higher learning as statistics reveal that majority of students in these institutions are from the rich back grounds. The education system of the United States thus leads to inequality and denies the poor students an equal chance as the rich ones. Work cited: Bobo, Kimberley A. ; Wage Theft in America: Why Millions of Working Americans Are Not Getting Paid – and What We Can Do about It (2009): New Press, ISBN 1595584455. Ferguson, Ann Arnett; Bad boys: public schools in the making of black Masculinity (2001): University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0472088491. Greenhouse, Steven; The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker (2008): Random House Inc, ISBN 1400044898. Kozol, Jonathan; The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (2005): Crown Publishing Group, ISBN 0307339416. Lui, Meizhu; The Color of Wealth: The Story Behind the U. S. Racial Wealth Divide (2006): W. W. Norton, ISBN 1595580042.

HTML Cheat Sheet For Content Marketers - CoSchedule

HTML Cheat Sheet For Content Marketers In todays economy, youve probably heard something about the importance of developing coding skills. However, not all bloggers or content marketers are familiar with HTML. Even among those of us who know a little bit of code, theres always more we can learn. In your job, you probably dont need to know how to build an entire site from the ground up with nothing more than a text editor and your wits. However, if any part of your job involves working in WordPress or another content management system, knowing a little bit of code can be immensely helpful. Here are a few reasons why: Understanding HTML can help you learn  how your blog or website is structured. Knowing even a little bit of code can help you become more self-sufficient (and it may help you save time asking for help). You'll be able to fix stubborn WordPress formatting issues  more easily and with less yelling at your computer. In this post, we'll cover the most essential basics for  blogging-focused readers. If you've never worked with HTML before,  this will be a perfectly paced primer to get you started. Learn #HTML basics to improve your #blog formatting skills. #bloggingIf you have a bit of experience with web coding, you'll still likely pick up a new tip or two (plus, be sure to download the free HTML cheat sheet to use for future reference). If you're a marketer or blogger working with WordPress, and you're intimidated by the mass of "who-knows-what" you see when you click into the Text editor in your CMS, this post is for you. While you can accomplish most of the tasks outlined in this post using the standard WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) WordPress editing controls, knowing how to do things the old-fashioned way is still beneficial (especially when things go wrong and those editing controls seem powerless to help). The standard WordPress kitchen sink offers a lot of power. It isn't always perfect, however, and sometimes it's faster to edit your content's formatting manually.  That's where some basic HTML knowledge comes in handy. What Is HTML? HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.  It forms the structure of a  website and  has been the backbone of the Internet since the dawn of time (or at least the dawn of the modern  Internet). HTML is used in conjunction with  CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), which is used to control the appearance of a website.  For the purposes of this post, we'll focus just on HTML, and only on a small handful of tags  any beginner can put to use. This video provides  a simple overview of how HTML documents are created (watch this before you proceed): It's okay if that seemed like a lot to wrap your head around. We'll walk through much of the information here in a bit. Pro Tip: You can view a website's source code in most browsers. This can be useful for seeing how websites are built by observing the code itself. Here's how to do this using several popular web browsers: Google Chrome: Right-click and select View Page Source. Firefox: Right-click and select View Page Source Safari: Open Preferences, select Advanced, and click "Show Develop Menu In Menu Bar" at the bottom. Then, go to the Develop menu and select Show Page Source. Internet Explorer: Right-click and select View Source, or press the F12 key on your keyboard. Microsoft Edge: Right-click and select View Source, or press the F12 key on your keyboard. Here is an example of Google's home page with the Show Page Source option selected in Safari on Mac OS X. Why Do Bloggers And Content Marketers Need To Know HTML? If you've ever tried to edit content in WordPress, then you know the formatting functions fail to work the way  you want them to sometimes.  That's because WYSIWYG editors  don't always work as well as intended.  For example, a bulleted list may appear with extra spaces. Your text might not copy and paste correctly. You might want to change the color of your blog theme, but you might not know how. Content marketers should know basic #HTML. Get started here:These are just a few issues you're likely to run into. However, if you know a little HTML, they're issues you can fix. You'll become a more capable marketer  and a more valuable employee. What Are Some Things I Can Do With HTML? In general, you'll gain more control over your content's structure and appearance. Here are some specific tasks bloggers and marketers can tackle with HTML: Create and edit text links. Control paragraph structure. Fix broken lists. Build tables. Remove unwanted spacing. These are just a handful  of helpful things you're about to learn how to do. If you've never touched the Text view section of your WordPress posts, you'll probably feel a bit more confident in your skills too. Words Of Encouragement: Learning HTML isn't as difficult as it may sound. As a blogger or marketer, you don't necessarily need to know how to build an entire website from scratch. By the time you reach the end of this post, you'll likely learn as much as you'll need to know. Why Do I Need An HTML Cheat Sheet? If you haven't yet, we highly recommend downloading the HTML cheat sheet that accompanies this post. It's useful for you to have on hand so that all the common HTML tags are readily accessible. Learning #HTML? Use this #cheatsheet!How To Write HTML  With Text Files And A Browser Ready to write and edit some HTML yourself?  You could get started now using the Text editor in any WordPress post.  However, you can also  use  Notepad (Windows), TextEdit (Mac), or Sublime Text (Mac, Windows, Linux) and your web browser of choice. Pro Tip: If you've never heard of Sublime Text, it's an extremely useful plain text editor that offers more features than Notepad or TextEdit. It's especially handy for writing HTML because it automatically color-codes different portions of your coding, making things a bit easier to read. If you'd like to try it out, download it here. Follow these steps to create a simple HTML file: 1) Create a blank file .txt file. Write your HTML. Then, save your document as an HTML file. Here is an example of a quick HTML file we created: 2)  Click File in your top navigation bar. Then, scroll down to Open File: 3) Select your HTML file and click Open. It'll look something like this: Pro Tip: Remember your .txt document needs to be saved as a .html file. Basic HTML Tutorials For Beginners Now that you have some understanding of what HTML is and how it works (and you've downloaded the HTML cheat sheet, right?), let's  get started on some basic HTML tutorials. How To Format Text Using HTML Let's start with some basic text formatting. How To Create Headings HTML uses six different levels of section headings. They are structured like this: Here's what they look like on the blog: A few things to note about header tags: It's generally considered best practices to include only one  H1 tag (this is important for SEO). Generally, WordPress themes use H1 tags for  blog post headlines. Keep this in mind when formatting headings. You'll likely use multiple H2, H3, etc. tags per post. It's okay if you use heading tags "out of order" (ex: your H2 is lower on the page than an H3). Here's a useful explanation about heading tags from Matt Cutts: How To Make Text Bold If you'd like to make text bold, use this tag: Strong: strongInsert Text/strong In the past, you may have seen bolded text created using the bInsert Bolded Text/b tag. While the b/b tag still works, it's considered outdated. For this post, we'll stick with best practices and recommend the strong/strong tag instead. How To Make Text Italicized Similar to making text bold, there are two different tags you can use to create italics. The emphasis tag is the best one to use: Emphasis: emInsert Text/em You may have seen italicized text using the iInsert Text/i tag, but once again, this tag is considered outdated. How To Create A Paragraph To create a text paragraph, use pInsert Text/p. Here's an example: How To Create A Line  Break If you'd like to force a space between two lines of content, consider using a page break. Simply add the br tag between lines of content, like this: We don't actually think we're geniuses, and I'm certainly no Shakespeare. We just wanted to make sure you were still paying attention. How To Create A Block Quote If you have a quote that's a few lines long (or more),  it should be formatted in a block quote. You could do this in WordPress by clicking here: Or, you can wrap your text using this tag: blockquoteInsert Text/blockquote. Here's how block quotes appear on our blog: How To Create And Edit Links Using HTML You're probably thinking, "WordPress makes it easy to create links, doesn't it?" However, there is still value in knowing how to manually create links. Plus, there are some things WordPress can't do when it comes to links, that need to be performed manually. Let's go over how links are built in HTML, how to link between different sections of an individual post (this is a handy way to build a table of contents), and how to add no-follow attributes (which are potentially powerful for SEO). How To Manually Build An A Href To create a text link, you'll need to use the "href" tag. It looks like this: Place your desired URL (this will be the page you link to) and anchor text (the linked text a reader will click) where noted. Pro Tip:  Internal links (links that direct to other pages or posts on your site) and external links (links that direct to other sites) are created the same way. Here's an example: Here's what the end result looks like: How To Manually Edit Link Anchor Text Let's say we want to change the anchor text in the example link shown above. In this case, simply open the Text view option in WordPress. Then, delete the existing anchor text, and rewrite it: That's all it takes. Pro Tip:  You've now heard us mention anchor text a few times. If you're unfamiliar with what this is referring to, it's simply the clickable text used to create a link. How To Add A No-Follow Attribute To A Link If you know a little bit about search engine optimization, then you likely understand follow versus no-follow links. In short, search engines use links to determine  the importance of web pages. When a site links to another site, they see this as a vote or an endorsement saying, "This content is useful, and related to the web page linking to it." However, there may be times you don't  a link to pass authority to another website. Here are a few examples: You're linking to a page that isn't reputable (but may be related to your blog post). You're writing a sponsored post (buying or selling links is SPAM, and search engines may consider sponsored content links to be paid for). You're writing a guest blog post  or hosting a guest post on your own blog. It's important that links in author bio boxes in guest posts be labelled no-follow, because these were once commonly abused for SEO benefits. The more high-quality website links that you have, the more likely you are to rank in search engines. However, because of this, there are people out there who try to spam search engines with manipulative linking practices (including buying links and writing junk blog posts just to get backlinks without regard for content quality). For more information straight from Google on why you should use no-follow links for guest blog posts specifically, watch this video from Matt Cutts, former head of Google's web spam team: To add a no-follow attribute to a text link, add  the code rel="nofollow" to your href HTML: It's as simple as that. How To Deep Link To A Specific Blog Post Section Now you know how to add a link to another web page or website. However, how do you link to another section within a single blog post? Follow these steps: Switch to the Text view tab in WordPress, and add this tag:  a name="NAME"/a. Delete the NAME placeholder text and write your desired anchor text. Add  a href="#NAME"/a to the location you would like linked. Here is what this code looks like in WordPress (we've used Lorem Ipsum filler text, just for demonstration purposes): Here's what the end result looks like: Now, we can navigate from the top of the page to the next section in one click. However, there is one problem: we can't get as easily. Fortunately, there is an easy solution. We'll add a "Back to Top" link underneath the "Here's Something About Lorem Ipsum" section. We will also add a destination anchor at the top of the page with no anchor text (this way, the link will direct to the top of the page, but no unwanted text will appear to readers). Here's how the link appears: Since we did not specify anchor text for this link destination, nothing appears to the reader. However, clicking "" still directs to the top of the blog post. How To Build Lists In HTML There are two different types of lists you can create using HTML. These are bulleted (or unordered) and numbered (or ordered) lists. Here's how to create each one (knowing how to build these manually can help you edit them more easily by hand in case WordPress messes up their formatting). How To Create A Bulleted List It's easy to create a bulleted list (or an "unordered list") using the appropriate button in your WordPress tool bar: You can also build one manually: Here's what this code looks like in a web browser: Why Are You Telling Me This? Have you ever tried creating a bulleted list, only for WordPress to somehow mess up your formatting? Sometimes, minor formatting issues are easy to fix using the WYSIWYG editing bar. However, sometimes it feels a little bit more like this: In cases where WordPress won't cooperate, it's probably faster to edit your list HTML  manually. How To Create A Numbered List To create a numbered list (or an "ordered list"), follow the same directions as shown above, but change the ul and /ul tags to ol and /ol. Here's what this list looks like: How To Build A Table Of Contents In HTML The deep linking technique described above can be used to build a table of contents. Let's walk through how to do this, using another recent post on our blog as an example: Create a list in the section where you would normally add your text. Make each list item a link. Add links between each section in your post back to its respective table of contents position. When complete, your code should look something like this: This looks something like this on our blog: IMPORTANT NOTE: In the screenshot at the beginning of this section, you may have noticed code that reads div class="callout". This is a piece of CSS that creates a red background box (like the one in this tip, and in the table of contents we just created). If you're creating your own table of contents, you can ignore this line of code and the TOC will still work (it just won't have a background color). Then, the end of this section features a link back to the table of contents. This process is repeated throughout the post to build a working table of contents. To see how this table of contents works in action, visit  our post on time management strategies and try clicking around. How To Build  Tables In HTML Tables are useful for many different purposes, such as building simple image galleries or creating comparison charts. While WordPress doesn't provide a built-in means of quickly creating tables, they're easy to build on your own. This image illustrates how tables are constructed using HTML: Here is what the end result looks like: If you'd like to adjust the alignment or  appearance of your table, it's best to use CSS. Since we're sticking to HTML in  this post, we'll have to cover this topic at another time. Pro Tip: While WordPress doesn't have built-in table functionality, you can  use a plugin to create tables too. This may be faster and more convenient than building them yourself. Although it's still important to understand how they're constructed. How To Add Images In HTML You now know how to format text and build tables in HTML. If you want to add an image, use the HTML image and the Alt Tag attributes: img src="Insert Image URL" alt="Insert Alt Text" Let's try adding an image to our table. Follow these steps: 1.) Add an image to WordPress and find the image file URL: 2.) Paste the image HTML tag into your table in WordPress. Then, paste your URL and write your alt tag in the appropriate spots until you have something that looks like the following: 3.) Here's what the end result looks like: Armed with this knowledge, we think you can probably create something more interesting than a repeating logo. This is just a quick test to walk you through the process. How To Clean Up Common Copy And Paste Issues In WordPress Have you ever tried pasting text from a Word document into WordPress, only to have your formatting get screwed up?  That's because copying and pasting from Word (or another similar word processor) will usually include a lot of hidden formatting. There are three ways to get around copy and paste issues in WordPress: Paste your content into a plain text document in TextEdit (Mac) or Notepad (Windows) before pasting it into WordPress. This will strip out hidden formatting that would otherwise get turned into stubborn HTML. Paste your text straight from Word into WordPress and clean up the formatting manually. Write your posts directly in WordPress. We recommend doing this the easy way (option 1 or option 3), but we'll show you how to do it the hard way too (option 2), in order to best explain what happens when you paste text from Word into WordPress. Ever wonder why copying and pasting from Word never looks right in #WordPress? Read this.Understanding  Non-Breaking Spaces Copying and pasting text from WordPress into the Visual editor in WordPress will add non-breaking spaces to your text. This is probably one of the most common sources of headaches for bloggers when pasting text from Word. Let's dig into what these are and what to do about them. How To Remove Non-Breaking Spaces In HTML Here is some sample text we'll try pasting directly into the Visual view in WordPress: Now, we'll copy and paste this directly into the Visual view in WordPress: Hmm. That doesn't look quite right. Odds are, you've encountered an issue like this at some point. Let's switch to Text view to see what's going on here: See the weird nbsp; tag? This is called a non-breaking space. It forces a space to appear and prevents the formation of another line of text in its place. The issue with copying and pasting from Word is that the text carries non-breaking spaces along with it.  This causes an additional space to appear. Sometimes you can delete these spaces in the Visual editor, but when that fails,  you can delete them manually in the Text editor. Now if you notice weird and seemingly unmovable spaces in your WordPress text, you'll know what to do. TIP: If you don't want to write posts directly in WordPress and prefer writing posts in Evernote or Google Docs, makes it easy to convert Evernote and Google Docs files into WordPress posts. You'll still need to format your headings and formatting, but it's an easy way to save time writing in your preferred word processing tool. Additional HTML Learning Resources You've read through this post. You've downloaded your HTML cheat sheet. You've started experimenting with troubleshooting common WordPress formatting issues. If you're interested in taking your HTML knowledge to the next level here are some recommend resources to continue your learning: Websites: W3 Schools: This is considered by many to be the ultimate resource for learning HTML (and CSS and Javascript) on the web. Mozilla Developer Network: This resource from Mozilla (the folks that make Firefox) is another alternative to W3 Schools that provides in-depth HTML tutorials. Codecademy: This website features tons of useful coding lessons and resources. Lynda: While not free, Lynda features plenty of training courses on HTML (as well as other coding and computing topics). Books: HTML CSS: How To Build Websites: There are a lot of books on HTML out there. However, we recommend this one the most. It's clearly written, accessible to beginners, and well suited to writers and editors who just want a good grasp of how HTML and CSS work. Head First HTML 5 Programming: The Head First series is another great option for learning coding languages in an accessible and straightforward manner. Videos: 30 Days To Learn HTML CSS: If you prefer  learning from videos, this is a great place to start. Remember, everyone learns differently, and some people learn more easily from different types of content.  While this post may provide you with a good starting point, you might find a book or video series more helpful for your purposes. Now Put Your New HTML Skills To Use! There's a lot to learn when it comes to HTML. However, we hope this HTML cheat sheet and step-by-step guide has provided you with just enough tips to make your  blogging life a little bit easier. You now know how to do basic blog formatting with HTML. You know you can create and edit text links, control paragraph structure, fix broken links, build tables, and remove unwanted spacing. Knowing these HTML tips are going to help you tons and you'll be super thankful for the cheat sheet.